This is a tangent, but it provides a bit of context from across the pond.
Justice Jackson famously said in a case in the late 1940's, "The Constitution is not a suicide pact."
I don't know if our problem of home-grown terrorists is comparable to the UK's either in proportion or in absolute terms, but we definitely need to give our intelligence and law enforcement agencies all the tools we reasonably can to gather informtion and disrupt plots, while we also seek to counter the radicalizing propaganda of the terrorists.
My apology for the length, but the author put it together as a whole, and I've decided to leave it that way.
Following is the full text of a speech delivered on November 9, 2006 by
Eliza Manningham-Buller, Director-General of MI5, on the terrorist threat
facing the UK:
The International Terrorist Threat to the UK
I have been Director General of the Security Service/M15 since 2002. Before
that I was Deputy Director General for five years. During that time, and
before, I have witnessed a steady increase in the terrorist threat to the
UK. It has been the subject of much comment and controversy. I rarely speak
in public. I prefer to avoid the limelight and get on with my job. But
today, I want to set out my views on:
the realities of the terrorist threat facing the UK in 2006;
what motivates those who pose that threat and what my Service is doing, with
others, to counter it.
I speak not as a politician, nor as a pundit, but as someone who has been an
intelligence professional for 32 years.
2. Five years on from 9/11, where are we? Speaking in August, Deputy
Assistant Commissioner Peter Clarke, the head of the Anti-Terrorist Branch
of the Metropolitan Police, described the threat to the UK from
Al-Qaida-related terrorism as 'real, here, deadly and enduring". Only last
week the Home Secretary said the threat will be "enduring - the struggle
will be long and wide and deep." Let me describe more fully why I think they
said that. We now know that the first Al-Qaida-related plot against the UK
was the one we discovered and disrupted in November 2000 in Birmingham. A
British citizen is currently serving a long prison sentence for plotting to
detonate a large bomb in the UK. Let there be no doubt about this: the
international terrorist threat to this country is not new. It began before
Iraq, before Afghanistan, and before 9/11.
3. In the years after 9/11, with atrocities taking place in Madrid,
Casablanca, Bali, Istanbul and elsewhere, terrorists plotted to mount a
string of attacks in the UK, but were disrupted. This run of domestic
success was interrupted tragically in London in July 2005. Since then, the
combined efforts of my Service, the police, SIS and GCHQ have thwarted a
further five major conspiracies in the UK, saving many hundreds (possibly
even thousands) of lives. Last month the Lord Chancellor said that there
were a total of 99 defendants awaiting trial in 34 cases. Of course the
presumption of innocence applies and the law dictates that nothing must be
said or done which might prejudice the right of a defendant to receive a
fair trial. You will understand therefore that I can say no more on these
matters.
4. What I can say is that today, my officers and the police are working to
contend with some 200 groupings or networks, totalling over 1600 identified
individuals (and there will be many we don't know) who are actively engaged
in plotting, or facilitating, terrorist acts here and overseas. The
extremists are motivated by a sense of grievance and injustice driven by
their interpretation of the history between the West and the Muslim world.
This view is shared, in some degree, by a far wider constituency. If the
opinion polls conducted in the UK since July 2005 are only broadly accurate,
over 100,000 of our citizens consider that the July 2005 attacks in London
were justified. What we see at the extreme end of the spectrum are
resilient networks, some directed from Al-Qaida in Pakistan, some more
loosely inspired by it, planning attacks including mass casualty suicide
attacks in the UK. Today we see the use of home-made improvised explosive
devices; tomorrow's threat may include the use of chemicals, bacteriological
agents, radioactive materials and even nuclear technology. More and more
people are moving from passive sympathy towards active terrorism through
being radicalised or indoctrinated by friends, families, in organised
training events here and overseas, by images on television, through chat
rooms and websites on the Internet.
5. The propaganda machine is sophisticated and Al-Qaida itself says that
50% of its war is conducted through the media. In Iraq, attacks are
regularly videoed and the footage downloaded onto the internet within 30
minutes. Virtual media teams then edit the result, translate it into English
and many other languages, and package it for a worldwide audience. And,
chillingly, we see the results here. Young teenagers are being groomed to be
suicide bombers. We are aware of numerous plots to kill people and to damage our economy. What do I mean by numerous? Five? Ten? No, nearer... thirty that we know of. These plots often have links back to Al-Qaida in Pakistan and through those links Al-Qaida gives guidance and training to its largely British foot soldiers here on an extensive and growing scale. And it is not just the UK of course. Other countries also face a new terrorist threat:
from Spain to France to Canada and Germany.
6. A word on proportionality. My Service and the police have occasionally
been accused of hype and lack of perspective or worse, of deliberately
stirring up fear. It is difficult to argue that there are not worse problems
facing us, for example climate change... and of course far more people are
killed each year on the roads than die through terrorism. It is
understandable that people are reluctant to accept assertions that do not
always appear to be substantiated. It is right to be sceptical about
intelligence. I shall say more about that later. But just consider this. A
terrorist spectacular would cost potentially thousands of lives and do major
damage to the world economy. Imagine if a plot to bring down several
passenger aircraft succeeded. Thousands dead, major economic damage,
disruption across the globe. And Al-Qaida is an organisation without
restraint.
7. There has been much speculation about what motivates young men and women to carry out acts of terrorism in the UK. My Service needs to understand the motivations behind terrorism to succeed in countering it, as far as that is possible. Al-Qaida has developed an ideology which claims that Islam is under attack, and needs to be defended. This is a powerful narrative that weaves together conflicts from across the globe, presenting the West's
response to varied and complex issues, from long-standing disputes such as
Israel/Palestine and Kashmir to more recent events as evidence of an
across-the-board determination to undermine and humiliate Islam worldwide.
Afghanistan, the Balkans, Chechnya, Iraq, Israel/Palestine, Kashmir and
Lebanon are regularly cited by those who advocate terrorist violence as
illustrating what they allege is Western hostility to Islam.
8. The video wills of British suicide bombers make it clear that they are
motivated by:
perceived worldwide and long-standing injustices against Muslims;
an extreme and minority interpretation of Islam promoted by some preachers
and people of influence;
their interpretation as anti-Muslim of UK foreign policy, in particular
the UK's involvement in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Killing oneself and others in response is an attractive option for some
citizens of this country and others around the world.
What Intelligence can do
9. As I said earlier, I have been an intelligence officer for some 32
years. And I want again to describe what intelligence is and is not. I wish
life were like 'Spooks', where everything is (a) knowable, and (b) soluble
by six people. But those whose plans we wish to detect in advance are
determined to conceal from us what they intend to do. And every day they
learn. From the mistakes of others. From what they discover of our
capabilities from evidence presented in court, and from leaks to the media.
Moreover intelligence is usually bitty and needs piecing together,
assessing, judging. It takes objectivity, integrity and a sceptical eye to
make good use of intelligence: even the best of it never tells the whole
story. On the basis of such incomplete information, my Service and the
police make decisions on when and how to take action, to protect public
safety. Wherever possible we seek to collect evidence sufficient to secure
prosecutions, but it is not always possible to do so: admissible evidence is
not always available and the courts, rightly, look for a high standard of
certainty. Often to protect public safety the police need to disrupt plots
on the basis of intelligence but before evidence sufficient to bring
criminal charges has been collected. Moreover we are faced by acute and very
difficult choices of prioritisation. We cannot focus on everything so we
have to decide on a daily basis with the police and others where to focus
our energies, whom to follow, whose telephone lines need listening to, which
seized media needs to go to the top of the analytic pile. Because of the
sheer scale of what we face (80% increase in casework since January), the
task is daunting. We won't always make the right choices. And we recognise
we shall have scarce sympathy if we are unable to prevent one of our targets
committing an atrocity.
And the Service?
10. As I speak my staff, roughly 2,800 of them, (an increase of almost 50%
since 9/11, 25% under 30, over 6% from ethnic minorities, with 52 languages,
with links to well over 100 services worldwide), are working very hard, at
some cost to their private lives and in some cases their safety, to do their
utmost to collect the intelligence we need. The first challenge is to find
those who would cause us harm, among the 60 million or so people who live
here and the hundreds of thousands who visit each year. That is no easy
task, particularly given the scale and speed of radicalisation and the age
of some being radicalised. The next stage is to decide what action to take
in response to that intelligence. Who are merely talking big, and who have
real ambitions? Who have genuine aspirations to commit terrorism, but lack
the know-how or materials? Who are the skilled and trained ones, who the
amateurs? Where should we and the police focus our finite resources? It's a
hard grind but my staff are highly motivated: conscious of the risks they
carry individually; and aware that they may not be able to do enough to stop
the next attack. We owe them a tremendous debt of gratitude and I thank
them. On July 8 last year I spoke to all my staff. I said that what we
feared would happen had finally happened. I reminded them that we had warned that it was a matter of when, not if, and that they were trained to
respond - indeed many had been up all night, from the intelligence staff to
the catering staff. I told them that we had received many messages of
support from around the world, and that we, along with our colleagues in the
police and emergency services, were in the privileged position of being able
to make a difference. And we did. And we have done so since.
11. My Service is growing very rapidly. By 2008 it will be twice the size
it was at 9/11. We know much more than we did then. We have developed new techniques, new sources, new relationships. We understand much better the scale and nature of what we are tackling but much is still obscure and radicalisation continues. Moreover, even with such rapid growth, we shall
not be able to investigate nearly enough of the problem, so the prioritisation I mentioned earlier will remain essential but risky. And new intelligence officers need to be trained. That takes time as does the acquisition of experience, the experience that helps one with those difficult choices and tough judgements.
What else can others do?
12. That brings me on to my final point. None of this can be tackled by my
Service alone. Others have to address the causes, counter the
radicalisation, assist in the rehabilitation of those affected, and work to
protect our way of life. We have key partners, the police being the main
ones and I'd like today to applaud those police officers working alongside
us on this huge challenge, those who collect intelligence beside us, help
convert it into evidence for court, and face the dangers of arresting
individuals who have no concern for their own lives or the lives of others.
The scale and seriousness of the threat means that others play vital roles,
SIS and GCHQ collecting key intelligence overseas, other services
internationally who recognise the global nature of the problem, government
departments, business and the public.
13. Safety for us all means working together to protect those we care
about, being alert to the danger without over-reacting, and reporting
concerns. We need to be alert to attempts to radicalise and indoctrinate our
youth and to seek to counter it. Radicalising elements within communities
are trying to exploit grievances for terrorist purposes; it is the youth who
are being actively targeted, groomed, radicalised and set on a path that
frighteningly quickly could end in their involvement in mass murder of their
fellow UK citizens, or their early death in a suicide attack or on a foreign
battlefield.
14. We also need to understand some of the differences between non-Western and Western life-styles; and not treat people with suspicion because of their religion, or indeed to confuse fundamentalism with terrorism. We must realise that there are significant differences between faiths and
communities within our society, and most people, from whatever origin,
condemn all acts of terror in the UK. And we must focus on those values that
we all share in this country regardless of our background: Equality, Freedom, Justice and Tolerance. Many people are working for and with us to address the threat precisely for those reasons. Because: All of us, whatever our ethnicity and faith, are the targets of the terrorists.
15. I have spoken as an intelligence professional, describing the reality
of terrorism and counter-terrorism in the UK in 2006. My messages are sober
ones. I do not speak in this way to alarm (nor as the cynics might claim to
enhance the reputation of my organisation) but to give the most frank
account I can of the Al-Qaida threat to the UK. That threat is serious, is
growing and will, I believe, be with ç us for a generation. It is a sustained campaign, not a series of isolated incidents, It aims to wear down our will to resist.
16. My Service is dedicated to tackling the deadly manifestations of
terrorism. Tackling its roots is the work of us all.
www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2-2447690_2,00.html
Happy Member
